BIOLOGY
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BIOLOGY.
1.SYLLABUS OF BIOLOGY BY NEB.2077.
All chapters of biology .
BOTANY
CHAPTER 1
Biomolecules and Cell Biology
1.1 Biomolecules: Introduction and functions of carbohydratesproteins, lipids mucleic acids minerals enzymes and water.
1.2 Cell biology: Introduction of cell,concepts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsdetails structure and functions of cell wall membrance , mitochondria plastids endoplasmic reticulum , golgi bodies, lysosomes, ribosomes , nucleus , chromosomes , cilia flagella and cell inclusions .
1.3. Cell division : Concept of cell cycle, types of cell division (amitosis, mitosis and meiosis) and significances
CHAPTER 2
Floral Biodiversity Introduction : Three domains of life, binomial nomenclature , five kingdom classification system (Monera Protista Fungi Plantae and Animalia ) of flora in Nepal and world representation
2.1 Fungi : Gencaral introducton and characteristic features of phycomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes and deuteromycetes structure and Reproduction of Mucor and yeast, introduction of Mushrooms, poisonous and non-poisonous mushrooms , economic importance of fungi
2.3 Lichen General introduction and characteristic feature and economic importance of lichen
2.4 Algae General introduction and characteristic feature of green, brown and red algae structure and reproduction of Spirogyra Economic impotance of algae
2.5 Bryophyta : General introduction and characteristic feature of liverworts hornworts and mossmorphological structure and reproduction of Marchantia. Economic importance of bryophytes
2.6 Pteridophyta : General introduction and characteristic feature of pteridophytes morphological structure and reproduction of Dryopteris Economic importance of pteridophytes
2.7 Gymnosperm General introduction and characteristic feature of Gymnosperms morphology and reproduction of Pinus Economic importance of gymnosperm 2.8Angiosperm : Morphology (root, stem, leaves, inforescences , flowers and fruit) Taxonomic study Definition, taxonomic hierarchy, classification systems (artitificial, natural and phylogenetic) of angiosperms, taxonomic description of the familes - Brassicaceae Fabaceae, Solanceae, and Liliaceae with economic importance.
CHAPTER 3
Introductory Microbiology
Monera : General introduction structure of bacterial cell mode of nutrition
3.1 bacterial growth cyanobacteria ( blue green algae )
3.2 Virus : General introduction , structure and importance of virus , bacteriophage
3.3 Impacts of biotechnology in the field of microbiology
CHAPTER 4
Ecology
4.1 Ecosystem Ecology Concept of ecology , biotic and abiotic factors , species interactions , cocepto of ecosystem , structural and functional aspects of poind and forest ecosystem , food chain , food web , trophic level , ecological pyramids productivity , biogeochemical cycle - carbon and nitrogen cycles , concept of succession
4.2 Ecological Adaptation : Concept of adaptation , hydrophytes and xerophytes Ecological Imbalances : Green house effects and climate change, depletion of ozone layer, acid rain and biological invasion
CHAPTER 5
Vegetation
a. Vegetation Introduction, types of vegetation in Nepal, concept of In- situ ( protected areas) and Ex-situ ( botanical gargen seed bank) conservation Natural enviomment-vegetation and human activities
ZOOLOGY.
CHAPTER 6.
Introduction To Biology
6.1 Introduction to Biology : Scope and fields of biology . Relation with other
CHAPTER 7
Evolutionary Biology
7.1Life and its orgin : Oparin -haldane theory , Miller and urey's experiment
7.2 Embryological and Biochemical Evidences or evolution Morpholgical . Anatomical , Paleontogical, embryological,and Biochemical.
7.3Theories of Evoloution : Lamarkism . Darwinism & Concept of Neo Darwinism
7.4Human evolution : Position of man in animal Kingdom . Differences between new world mokeys and old world mokeys , apes and man , Evolutionof mdoer man starting from anthropoid ancestor
CHAPTER 8
Faunal Diversity
8.1 Protista classification . Protozoa : diagnostic feature and classification up to class with examples paramecium , caudatum , plasmodium vivax - habits and habitat structure , reproduction , life-cycle and ceonomic importance of Pfalciparum
8.2Animalia : Level of organization , body plan, body symmetry , body cavity and segmentation in animals . Diagnostic features and classification of the following phyla ( to class ) with examples , coelenterata ( Cnidaria ) Platyhelminthes , Aschelminthes ( Nemathelminthes ) Annelida , Arthropoda Mollusca Echinodermata and Chordata
Earthworm ( Pheretima posthuma ) Habit and habitat, features Digestive system ( alimentary canal & physiology of digestion . Excretory sytem ( types of nephridia , structure and arrangement of septal nephridia ) Nervous system ( central & peripheral nervous system, working mechanism ) & Reproductive systems ( male & female reproductive organs) Copulation , Cocoon formation and Economic importance
Frog (Rana Tigrina ): Habit and habitat External features, Digestive system ( alimentary canal , digestive glands & physiology of digestion ), Blood vascular system ( structure & working mechanism of heart) Respiratory system ( respiratory organs & physiology of respiration ) and Reproductive system (male & female reproductive organs)
CHAPTER 9
Biota and Environment
9.1 Animal adaptation : Aquatic Primary and secondary )Terrestrial ( Cursorial Fossorial & Arboreal) and Volant adaption 9.2 Animal behavior : Reflex action, taxes, dominance and leadership. Fish and hird Migration 9.3 Environmental pollution Sources, effects and control measures of air , water and soil pollution Pesticides & their effects
CHAPTER 10
10.1 Conservation Conservation Concept of biodiversity biodiversity national parkswildlife reserve, conservation areas, biodiverstly wetland and Ramsar sites.
Wildlife: Importancecauses of extinction and conservation f(x) of threatened species meaning of extinctendangered are threatened species Endangered species in Nepal.
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